When we are stuck in a “ My way or the highway ” framework , believing our perspective is the only valid one , even when confronted with facts and evidence to the contrary , our easiest defense is anger , intolerance , and going on the offensive . Welcome to cognitive dissonance .

Cognitive dissonance in this instance is when people are exposed to information inconsistent with their beliefs . When we are faced with conflicting information , we can choose to question our own beliefs , looking at the new information with an open mind . Or we can double down on our own beliefs to avoid dissonance — or discomfort — within ourselves . Regardless of the validity of the new information , we seek support from people or sources who agree with us .( 1 )

We use confirmation bias as a tool to alleviate the disharmony within . Confirmation bias , therefore , is our tendency to notice , focus on , and give greater credence to evidence that fits with our existing beliefs . Confirmation bias can impact us on individual , group , and societal levels . On an individual level , it can lead to poor decisions as we tend to rely on information that confirms our beliefs rather than expand our paradigm ( the way we view the subject or situation ). We become close minded instead of open to change or open to hearing alternate views . In group settings , we tend to associate with those who think like we do . Our beliefs are reinforced rather than challenged , and we can develop biases about anyone not in our group . We think of those not in our group as less than favorable . This is where things breakdown in communication ,

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